Biography of Stokely Carmichael, Civil Rights Activist

Stokely Carmichael was an important activist in the Civil Rights Movement who attained prominence (and generated enormous controversy) when he issued a call for Black Power during a speech in 1966. The phrase quickly spread, sparking a fierce national debate. Carmichaels words became popular among younger African Americans who were frustrated with the slow pace of progress in the field of civil rights. His magnetic oratory, which would typically contain flashes of passionate anger mixed with playful wit, helped make him nationally famous. Fast Facts: Stokely Carmichael Full Name: Stokely CarmichaelAlso Known As: Kwame TureOccupation: Organizer and civil rights activistBorn: June 29, 1941 in Port-of-Spain, TrinidadDied: November 15, 1998 in Conakry, GuineaKey Accomplishments: Originator of the term Black Power and a leader of the Black Power movement Early Life Stokely Carmichael was born in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, on June 29, 1941. His parents emigrated to New York City when Stokely was two, leaving him in the care of grandparents. The family was eventually reunited when Stokely was 11 and came to live with his parents. The family lived in Harlem and eventually in the Bronx. A gifted student, Carmichael was accepted to the Bronx High School of Science, a prestigious institution where he came into contact with students from diverse backgrounds. He later recalled going to parties with classmates who lived on Park Avenue and feeling uncomfortable in the presence of their maids — given the fact that his own mother worked as a maid. He was offered several scholarships to elite colleges and ultimately chose to attend Howard University in Washington, D.C.. By the time he began college in 1960, he was greatly inspired by the growing Civil Rights Movement. He had seen television reports of sit-ins and other protests in the South and felt a need to get involved. While a student at Howard, he came into contact with members of SNCC, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (popularly known as Snick). Carmichael began participating in SNCC actions, traveling to the South and joining Freedom Riders as they sought to integrate interstate bus travel. Following graduation from Howard in 1964, he began working full-time with SNCC and soon became a traveling organizer in the South. It was a dangerous time. The Freedom Summer project was trying to register black voters across the South, and resistance was fierce. In June 1964 three civil rights workers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, disappeared in Mississippi. Carmichael and some SNCC associates participated in the search for the missing activists. The bodies of the three murdered activists were eventually found by the FBI in August 1964. Other activists who were personal friends of Carmichael were killed in the following two years. The August 1965 shotgun murder of Jonathan Daniels, a white seminarian who had been working with SNCC in the South, affected Carmichael deeply. Black Power From 1964 to 1966 Carmichael was constantly in motion, helping to register voters and fight against the Jim Crow system of the South. With his quick wit and oratorical skills, Carmichael became a rising star in the movement. He was jailed numerous times, and was known to tell stories about how he and fellow inmates would sing to both pass the time and annoy the guards. He later said his patience for peaceful resistance broke down when, from a hotel room window, he saw police savagely beat civil rights protesters in the street below. In June 1966, James Meredith, who had integrated the University of Mississippi in 1962, began a one-man march across Mississippi. On the second day, he was shot and injured. Many other activists, including Carmichael and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., vowed to finish his march. Marchers began crossing the state, with some joining in and some dropping out. According to a New York Times report, there were usually about 100 marchers at any one time, while volunteers fanned out along the route to register voters. On June 16, 1966, the march reached Greenwood, Mississippi. White residents turned out to heckle and hurl racial slurs, and local police harassed the marchers. When marchers tried to pitch tents to spend the night in a local park, they were arrested. Carmichael was taken to jail, and a photograph of him in handcuffs would appear on the front page of the next mornings New York Times. Carmichael spent five hours in custody before supporters bailed him out. He appeared at a park in Greenwood that night, and spoke to about 600 supporters. The words he used would change the course of the Civil Rights Movement, and the 1960s. With his dynamic delivery, Carmichael called for Black Power. The crowd chanted the words. Reporters covering the march took notice. Up until that point, the marches in the South tended to be portrayed as dignified groups of people singing hymns. Now there seemed to be an angry chant electrifying the crowd. The New York Times reported on how quickly Carmichaels words were adopted: Many marchers and local Negroes were chanting Black power, black power, a cry taught them by Mr. Carmichael at a rally last night when he said, Every courthouse in Mississippi ought to be burned down to get rid of the dirt. But on the courthouse steps, Mr. Carmichael was less angry and said: The only way we can change things in Mississippi is with the ballot. Thats black power. Carmichael gave his first Black Power speech on a Thursday night. Three days later, he appeared, in a suit and tie, on the CBS News program Face the Nation, where he was questioned by prominent political journalists. He challenged his white interviewers, at one point contrasting the American effort to deliver democracy in Vietnam with its apparent failure to do the same in the American South. Over the next few months the concept of Black Power was hotly debated in America. The speech Carmichael gave to hundreds in the park in Mississippi rippled through society, and opinion columns, magazine articles, and television reports sought to explain what it meant and what it said about the direction of the country. Within weeks of his speech to hundreds of marchers in Mississippi, Carmichael was the subject of a lengthy profile in the New York Times. The headline referred to him as Black Power Prophet Stokely Carmichael. Fame and Controversy In May 1967 LIFE magazine published an essay by the noted photographer and journalist Gordon Parks, who had spent four months following Carmichael. The article presented Carmichael to mainstream America as an intelligent activist with a skeptical, though nuanced, view of race relations. At one point Carmichael said to Parks that he was tired of explaining what Black Power meant, as his words kept getting twisted. Parks prodded him and Carmichael responded: For the last time, he said. Black Power means black people coming together to form a political force and either electing representatives or forcing their representatives to speak their needs. Its an economic and physical bloc that can exercise its strength in the black community instead of letting the job go to the Democratic or Republican parties or a white-controlled black man set up as a puppet to represent black people. We pick the brother and make sure he fulfills The article in LIFE may have made Carmichael relatable to mainstream America. But within months, his fiery rhetoric and wide-ranging travels made him an intensely controversial figure. In the summer of 1967, President Lyndon Johnson, alarmed at Carmichaels comments against the Vietnam War, personally instructed the FBI to conduct surveillance on him. In mid-July 1967, Carmichael embarked on what turned into a world tour. In London, he spoke at a Dialectics of Liberation conference, which featured scholars, activists, and even American poet Allen Ginsberg. While in England, Carmichael spoke at various local gatherings, which drew the attention of the British government. There were rumors that he was pressured to leave the country. In late July 1967, Carmichael flew to Havana, Cuba. He had been invited by the government of Fidel Castro. His visit immediately made news, including a report in the New York Times on July 26, 1967 with the headline: Carmichael Is Quoted As Saying Negroes Form Guerrilla Bands. The article quoted Carmichael as saying the deadly riots occurring in Detroit and Newark that summer had used the war tactics of guerrillas. On the same day that the New York Times article appeared, Fidel Castro introduced Carmichael at a speech in Santiago, Cuba. Castro referred to Carmichael as a leading American civil rights activist. The two men became friendly, and in the following days Castro personally drove Carmichael around in a jeep, pointing out landmarks related to battles in the Cuban revolution. Carmichaels time in Cuba was widely denounced in the United States. Following the controversial stay in Cuba, Carmichael planned to visit North Vietnam, the enemy of the United States. He boarded a Cuban airlines plane to fly to Spain, but Cuban intelligence called the flight back when it was tipped off that American authorities were planning to intercept Carmichael in Madrid and lift his passport. The Cuban government put Carmichael on a plane to the Soviet Union, and from there he traveled onward to China and eventually to North Vietnam. In Hanoi, he met with the nations leader, Ho Chi Minh. According to some accounts, Ho told Carmichael of when he lived in Harlem and had heard speeches by Marcus Garvey. At a rally in Hanoi, Carmichael spoke out against American involvement in Vietnam, using a chant he had previously used in America: Hell no, we wont go! Back in America, former allies distanced themselves from Carmichaels rhetoric and foreign connections and politicians spoke of charging him with sedition. In the fall of 1967, Carmichael kept traveling, visiting Algeria, Syria, and the African West African nation of Guinea. He began a relationship with the South African singer Miriam Makeba, whom he would eventually marry. At various stops on his travels he would speak out against Americas role in Vietnam, and denounce what he considered American imperialism. When he arrived back in New York, on December 11, 1967, federal agents, along with a crowd of supporters, were waiting to greet him. U.S. marshals confiscated his passport because he had visited communist countries without authorization. Post-American Life In 1968, Carmichael resumed his role as an activist in America. He published a book, Black Power, with a co-author, and he continued to speak out on his political vision. When Martin Luther King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, Carmichael was in Washington, D.C. He spoke publicly in the following days, saying white America had killed King. His rhetoric was denounced in the press, and political figures accused Carmichael of helping to spur on the riots that followed Kings killing. Later that year, Carmichael became affiliated with the Black Panther Party, and appeared with prominent Panthers at events in California. Wherever he went, controversy seemed to follow. Carmichael had married Miriam Makeba, and they made plans to live in Africa. Carmichael and Makeba left the United States in early 1969 (the federal government had returned his passport after he agreed not to visit banned countries). He would settle permanently in Guinea. During his time living in Africa, Carmichael changed his name to Kwame Ture. He claimed to be a revolutionary, and supported a Pan-African movement, the goal of which was to form African nations into a unified political entity. As Kwame Ture, his political moves were generally frustrated. He was criticized at times for being too friendly with Africa dictators, including Idi Amin. Ture would occasionally visit the United States, giving lectures, appearing in various public forums, and even appearing for an interview on C-Span. After years under surveillance, he had become intensely suspicious of the United States government. When he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in the mid-1990s, he said to friends that the CIA may have made him contract it. Kwame Ture, who Americans remembered as Stokely Carmichael, died in Guinea on November 15, 1998. Sources Stokely Carmichael. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2004, pp. 305-308. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Glickman, Simon, and David G. Oblender. Carmichael, Stokely 1941–1998. Contemporary Black Biography, edited by David G. Oblender, vol. 26, Gale, 2001, pp. 25-28. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Joseph, Peniel E., Stokely: A Life, Basic Civitas, New York City, 2014.

The Ethical Dilemma Of The Medical Field - 1619 Words

An ethical dilemma is a situation that involves a mental conflict between moral obligations and imperatives whereby one obeying them may transgress another. For a situation to be termed as an ethical dilemma; an ‘agent’ must make a decision regarding an action they perceive best. Also, there must be a variety of different course of action that one can choose from, and that regardless of the course of action taken in the situation an ethical principle must be compromised. It means that in an ethical dilemma, there is no perfect solution. One primary source of ethical dilemmas in the medical field today is Euthanasia. Euthanasia is a process that entails deliberately ending a person’s life, with the intention of relieving their pain and†¦show more content†¦They argue that it should be accepted both morally and legally in aspects surrounding severely ailing patients. There are three ethical approaches that could be used in solving ethical issues. They include: †¢ Deontological ethical approach †¢ Teleological ethical approach †¢ Virtue-Based Approach Deontological approach The approach builds up from the idea that the most ethical choice is one that is morally right in the prospective society. It argues that some actions should not be permitted despite their consequences (Waluchow, 2003).In a situation where one is suffering from a terminal illness and are in extreme pain, they may request for an assisted suicide. Is it unethical or immoral to grant someone assisted suicide as a way to relieve their pain? The big question remains. Should anyone be granted a mercy killing? Primarily, the society admits that it is morally wrong to kill another human being. Killing someone else is an offense that with serious consequences under the law (Hinman, 2012). The society, however, needs to differentiate Euthanasia from the killing of an innocent person. Recognizing that Euthanasia is done on request of the individual, who is suffering, would bring out a different point of view regarding Euthanasia. Unlike most ethical theories, in society, life is made up of diff erent expectation Teleological Ethical Approach The approach is more concerned with the consequence of an action (Waluchow, 2003).Show MoreRelatedEthical Dilemma Within The Medical Field1687 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemma within a Household There are various ethical dilemmas throughout the medical field. Some cases are more challenging than others. In, â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper,† a thirteen-year-old girl named Anna, hired a lawyer to sue her parents for medical emancipation. Anna was conceived to become a medical donor to her older sister Kate who was diagnosed with acute promyleocytic leukemia. 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Essay on Conflict Resolution and Mediation to End School...

Use of Conflict Resolution and Mediation to End School Violence Conflict and differences of opinion exist in every healthy organization. Americans need to try to take control of todays youth and the violence that is and has been developing in this country for many years. Although violence will never be extinct, there are many different ways to reduce violence. Each school and student population has different ways of dealing with and helping to curb the need for violence in schools. The most effective and most common method in dealing with violence in schools is conflict resolution. It has been used in many different states and in several different formats to try to give the students, faculty, and parents an†¦show more content†¦* Mediation as a conflict resolution method can result in a reduction in violence, vandalism, chronic school absence and suspension. * Mediation n training helps both young people and teachers to deepen their understanding about themselves and others. Effective conflict resolution requires dealing constructively with disagreements rather than pushing them under the rug, letting them break into open warfare, or attempting to eliminate them completely. Successful resolution of a conflict may include the following: accurate diagnosis of the nature and source of the conflict, a clear understanding of how each party is contributing to the conflict, skills and processes for defining alternatives, constructively negotiating outcomes, and creatively developing win-win resolutions (Hagberg Consulting Group, 1). The five steps used to complete a conflict resolution are diagnosis, goal setting, negotiation, future strategies, and follow-up. During the diagnosis and goal setting stages, we would establish the nature, source, and scope of the conflict to better aid us in finding and setting a goal. 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Inequality and Social Development Mission

Question: Discuss about the Inequality and Social Development Mission. Answer: Introduction: Social factors of both the countries that affect the economic growth, business environment are population, poverty, gender discrimination, and infrastructure and demand pattern. Population growth rate in India is 1.19% during 2015 and that in Singapore is 1.2% (Data.worldbank.org, 2016). Both India and Singapore are multicultural countries. The population growth curves are showing that the population growth rate in India is decreasing steadily during last ten years. However, the growth rate in Singapore is fluctuating and is higher than India as the Singapore government has tried to increase fertility rate. On the other hand, rising health consciousness has decreased the population growth rate in India; however, India remains the second most populous country. Figure 1: Population growth rate of Singapore (Source: Data.worldbank.org, 2016) Figure 2: Population growth rate of India (Source: Data.worldbank.org, 2014) The reason behind high population in India is influx of refugees from neighbouring countries. High population is the main reason of high rate of poverty in this country. According to World Bank, around 23.6% population remains under abject poverty with $1.25 earning per day. India government has taken several programmes for eradicating poverty such as National Rural employment guarantee act, Indira awaas Yojona, Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar yogona and many others. Government expenditure on poverty alleviation programme has increased overtime. Social discrimination is less in Singapore compared to India. The spending pattern in Singapore is different from that in India. The bottom 20% people in terms of income level spend more than their income. Hence, borrowing rate among them is higher compared to saving rate. India is having higher youth people compared to Singapore. Kohli (2012) cited that the country with higher youth population experiences greater growth rate of the economy. Gender discrimination is less in Singapore compared to India. Singapore ranked 54 in global gender gap report 2015, while India ranked 101 (weforum.org, 2015). Technological factor of India and Singapore India invests a significant portion in education, improvement in science and technology since independence in 1947. Technology has contributed significantly in the economy starting from agriculture, industry to service sector. Telecommunication has improved much in this country to facilitate industrial and service sector. Improvement in biotechnology has increased the productivity of agriculture. Medical science has improved significantly in recent decades due to technological development. The birth rate and death rate have been controlled as an effect of improvement in medical sciences. Automobile engineering, space science, manufacturing technology has increased the scope of employment in domestic countries and decreased the rate of brain drain from India. The most successful event of application of technology in India is Mars Orbiter mission or Mangalayan in 2014 (Srivastava et al., 2015). Technological development has greater contribution in countrys growth and development. Singapore has improved domestic technology since 1970s to bring sophistication in the industries. Singapore government has invested in biomedical science cluster to develop an industrial base in this country. Singapore eventually has become a leading information technology and electronics manufacturing economy in the world. Singapore has followed FDI leveraging model to finance and facilitate the growth high tech industry (Caprotti, 2014). Improvement of technologies in Singapore has contributed to the growth of technology driven local industry. References Caprotti, F. (2014). Critical research on eco-cities? A walk through the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City, China.Cities,36, 10-17. Data.worldbank.org (2016) Population growth (annual %) | Data. (2016 Retrieved 14 November 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW Kohli, A. (2012). State and redistributive development in India. InGrowth, Inequality and Social Development in India(pp. 194-226). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Srivastava, V. K., Kumar, J., Kulshrestha, S., Kushvah, B. S., Bhaskar, M. K., Somesh, S., ... Ramakrishna, B. N. (2015). Eclipse modeling for the Mars orbiter mission.Advances in Space Research,56(4), 671-679. weforum.org (2015) Rankings. Global Gender Gap Report 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2016, from https://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/rankings/