John Smith, Roger Williams, and Mary Rowlandson present vastly Personal Statement

John Smith, Roger Williams, and Mary Rowlandson present vastly different views of Native Americans. How do you account for the differences - Personal Statement Example â€Å"Sixty or seventy of them, some black, some red, some white, some partly colored, came in a square order, singing and dancing out of the woods with their Okee†43. While having these positive sides, Smith describe them as being barbaric shows the negative aspect of the natives. This view was due to the torture he received from the natives when they imprisoned him. Robert William on the other hand describe native Indians as being industrious and rich for having the desire to trade with them instead of killing them. The difference in how Robert sees the Native Americans can be accounted for by the fact that he was a Christian minister who saw the natives as being equal to the white settlers. This can be seen through his vision of having peace and harmony between the Europeans and the settlers and the Natives who were fighting over land. Mary Rawlandson describes natives Americans as noble savages. This difference in views is seen by the fact that she did not like their lifestyle especially during the early period of her captivity. However, with time she came to admire this for their ability to survive under harsh environments with very limited amounts of resources. In turn she also came to learn how to survive in the environment. This difference in views is also seen by the fact that the natives showed her nobility through appreciating that she was a religious woman and therefore, giving her permission to respect the Sabbath day. â€Å"When Sabbath came they bade me to work but I told them it was the Sabbath day and desire them to let me rest, and I would do more tomorrow† 237. Despite of this, she still considered them as the enemy for capturing holding her hostage that led to the death of her children. In conclusion, it can be seen that the paper accounts the difference in views where John Smith considers them mainly as

Overview and Analysis of Emirates Airline

Overview and Analysis of Emirates Airline Emirates airline: aN overview Dubai based airline company is the subsidiary of Emirates Groups. The airline is the leading as well as the largest airline of not only UAE but also of Middle East. The airline operates more than 3400 flights per week. These flights take off from its hub at UAE to more than 133 cities in 73 countries around the world. The Emirates Groups service Emirates Sky Cargo undertake the cargo activities of this airline. According to 2007 report the airline is declared as the leading airline in term of revenue it generate, fleets (group of planes), and the passenger it carry, of Middle East. The airline is also the 10th largest airline in the world in term of travels who travel every week from this airline. From Dubai to Houston, Los Angeles, Sans Francisco, and Dallas company operate four of the world largest no stop commercial flight. Twenty year ago, Emirate Airline was born as the official airline of UAE. The airline in 1985 e started its operations, when in mid-1980’s the Gulf Air cutback to Dubai. From tan till now the airline has shown tremendous growth. The airline purchase its aircraft from the top companies in the world Air Bus and Boeing. The airline operates the mixed air fleets which are the wide-body aircrafts. And the company is one of the few in the world to use all wide-body aircraft. Recent by ordering 140 Air Bus A380s, the company is become the second to operate these air craft after Singapore. In aviation industry the company has established the strong brand name. Moreover, as the aviation leader in Middle East the company is providing quality services to its passenger from long ago. And this airline is hopeful in maintaining it strong growing position in future also. With many award in 2012 the company is also ranked 8th best airline in term of services it is providing around the world. culture and ORGANIZATIONAL structure The company has diverse culture, as it has many subsidizers and more than 50 parent company. And it’s operating in many industries and sectors. The industries company is catering are airport services, hospital industry, catering, and engineering. The total number of employees in this company were 38797 in the fiscal year 2011 (Group, 2011). The prime aim of the company as well as its employees are to deliver the unique and superior customer services. As for as, their employees are concerned, for them employees are their key assets and they provide many benefits to the employees including the old age benefits, fringe benefits, bonuses and many other benefits. They pay they gives to their employees are merit base pay as well as the pure performance based pay. Therefore, their employees are also loyal to the company (Group, 2011). Environmental Context Analysis of the UAE Organizations are referred as an open system, where there are many forces that directly or indirect affect the organizations. Environmental analysis is the analysis of forces around the organization that affect or make an impact on the ability of the organization to take decision. These forces are further divided as the macro forces as well as the micro forces. Micro forces are closer to company and have influence on company ability to full fill its customer’s needs and wants. These forces include the customers of the company, company itself, its competitors, the market intermediaries and many other stakeholders (Global Marketing Environmental Factors Affecting Marketing Strategy, 2013). Moreover, the macro environment of the company is the political, social, economic and technological forces around the company that affect the micro economic forces. In term of UAE, the environment of UAE is the dynamic environment. Economically the country is one of the fastest growing country in the world. The GDP growth of the country is exceptional. Some of the major contributor factor to this growing economy are the different sectors in the country ‘i.e.’ oil and gas sector, tourisms sector, transportation industry, education sector, trade sector, foreign direct investment, as well as many other sectors(). Micro environment of UAE is its trading partners, competitor ‘i.e.’ other countries in the Middle East region and UAE itself. While the macro factors are the political condition of the country its economic condition, society and the technological development in the country (PESTLE Analysis of UAE 2012, 2012). Economic Environment Economically the country has seen many ups and down in the previous years. However, the country has successfully take out itself from the economic crisis of 2008 and 2009, which was mostly due to world economic crisis and decline in trade. Today the economy of the country is growing on fastest pace and the recorded economy in 2013 was 4.4 percent, which was expected to reach at 4.8 percent this year. Due to ideal place for conducting businesses and due to best tourist spots in the country, the country is the ideal place for foreign investors. Socio-cultural Environment On social-cultural basis the country is one of the diverse in this Middle East region. People from many other countries come to live in UAE or for visiting UAE. Moreover, as the country has flourishing tourism industry therefore, from many country every year millions of people travel to UAE for holiday. Due to increasing diversity in the country there is mixed culture flourishing in the country (interact, 2014). Political and Legal Environment Politically UAE is strong and the political condition in UAE is stable. The environment is ideal for doing business as government does not interfere in business activities. The government has also establish a trade free zone for conducting businesses activities. Moreover, it has also provide lot of opportunities for foreign investors. In short, the government of UAE is stable politically, with strong political reforms. And the government is working hard for the development of UAE. Factors that may affect the airline industry are worldwide terrorisms and war. Technological Environment AND Natural Environment Technological the country is also growing, likewise in telecommunication industry Etisalat is the market leader, and providing best services in telecommunication industry around the world. The introduction of new technology will also affect the airline industry in positive as well as negative way. As for as natural resources are concerned UAE is rich in two of the biggest natural resources ‘i.e.’ petroleum and natural gas reserves. Competitor Analysis The competitors of Emirates Airline are the all other airlines from UAE. Some of the prominent airlines from UAE other than Emirates Airline are Etihad Airline, and Qatar Airline. Etihad Airline is another growing airline of UAE. The airline started its operations in 2003 and from that time till today the organization has shown exceptional growth in term of providing quality to the passengers who travel through this airline. Qatar Airline is another major competitor of Emirates Airline. In very short time span the company has establish it some a major competitor of other airlines. Right after its pre-lunch in 1997 Qatar Airline has awarded with many prestigious awards (Ceos message | Qatar Airways, 2014). However, the Emirates Airline is growing on a faster pace than its competitors. Direct Competitors In airline industry there is lot of competition. This section of the report will in-detail analyze some of the major direct and indirect competitors of Emirates Airline. And try to rate them on term on 1 to 5 rating in scale in term of quality by asking from people. We ask sample of 15 people to rate out competitor’s brands and our brand price quality on rating scale of 1 to 5. The analysis provided us with the certain weakness and strengths of Emirate Airline with regards to its competitors. Rating scale 1-5 Emirates Airline Etihad Airways Qatar Critical Success Factors rating rating rating Quality 5 4 3 Price 4 3 4 Availability 5 5 3 Good Will 4 3 4 Promotional Activities 5 4 3 Table 1 Emirates Airline receives rating of 4.6 rating, whereas, Etihad Airways receives an average of 3.8 rating and Qatar Airways receive the rating of 3.4. So it shows that over all Emirates Airline is working better as compared to other competitors. Moreover, there brand is better in term of quality, packaging and other factors to score higher these from customers. Analysis of Competitive Strategy and Position Positioning referred as the creating the image of the product in the mind of the customers as well as the consumers. These airlines mostly position there brand on following factors. These are mentioned in their mission statements, vision statement and as well as on their web site. Therefore we take the rating scale of 1-10 to rate these factors. The reason is that to know on which basis these organizations position their products. Rating scale 1 to 10 Emirates Airline Etihad Airways Qatar Airways Factors on which these airlines positioned their brands Rating Rating Rating Quality 10 9 8 Price 8 9 10 Availability 10 10 9 Good Will 9 9 8 Promotional Activities 10 10 10 Table 2 Above data clearly show that in term of quality, price, availability and promotional activities the top of the mind brand is Emirates Airline. While, Etihad Airways is the second brand in term of quality, good will and other mentioned factors in the mind of people. In term of quality people rate airlines as 10 for Emirates Airline and 9 and 8 for the rest two airlines Competitive Advantage In today world every organization is engaged in competition. In airline industry the competition is increasing day by day as the competitors are trying to provide more quality services then each other. in case of Emirates Airline as it is the oldest airline of UAE and has shown the tremendous growth over the time therefore, toady it’s as clear cut competitive advantage over it competitors. Market Research The airline industry of UAE ha lot of potential for growth as the UAE is the hub of tourism and millions of people as a tourist visited this country. Therefore the demand for services provided by many airlines is increasing day by day as the population of UAE is increasing. The main point that has to be cover are as follows: first thing that is required, is the identification of the targeted audience. Furthermore, the second that have to make clear is the need and wants of that targeted audience. The later part will in detail mentioned the targeted audience and the need and wants of that targeted audience. Mentioned earlier the main and the foremost thing in the marketing is target market identification. From this mean that we have to clarify that who are our potential buyer who will enjoy our services. For the purpose of identifying the target audience marketer first have to divide the market into different segments and then on the basis of their needs and wants offering them the desired product (DeMers, 2012). Emirate Airline target audience includes people of: business people, families, and transit passengers. Once a targeted audience is identified we have to look the need and wants of that targeted audience. Moreover, we have to look which need is least and which one is of most importance. Second aspect is that how the particular airline is going to satisfy or dissatisfy with the available services with respect to each of the priority important needs and wants. As for as Emirate Airline is concerned the basic need of people through this airline are comfortable journey, quality services, quality food during traveling, and may other required facilities during traveling. Like facilities that should be provided to disable and aged people are also cater by Emirates Airlines. (Special Needs | Essential Information | Emirates Online Booking and Planning | Emirates, 2014). Customer Analysis This section will in detail analyze the targeted market of Emirates Airline. Basically, the customer analysis is the way of gathering data from customer to known about their purchase decision. Therefore, the section in detail analysis the potential customer of this airline and the different factors that affect their purchase decisions. Three type of people is the target audience of Emirates Airline business people, families, and transit passengers. Target Market Segmentation Description Area / Region: UAE, and all six continent in the world AGE:people of all ages Gender:Both Family Life Cycle:Bachelors, married, working women, office working people, old age people are the targets. Other people:Business people, families, professional and other people from all over the world Table 3 Decision Making Process Analysis external consumer behavior variables Consumer behavior is the acts and decision processes of the consumer which they shows during the purchase the product as well as services. Different studies of consumer behavior has indicated that how individuals, groups and organizations make purchase decision and buy goods and servicer according to their needs and desires. While making purchase decision many factors affect consumer buying behavior (Dudovskiy, 2013). Factors that may affect the people travel through Emirates Airline are as personal factors, cultural factors, psychological factors and most important the social factors. Personal factors Factors such as our income, occupation, our life style which include daily basic activates, interests, as well as opinions. These factors are one of the most vital predictor of people buying behavior. Therefore, people choice regarding whether to travel through this airline or any other and if yes whether to travel through economic class or business class totally depended on these factors ‘i.e.’ on the income and their way of living (Personal Factors Affecting Buyer’s Behavior, 2010). Cultural factors and social factor Buying activities are deeply influenced by cultural factors such as: culture, subculture, and social class. Culture is defined as totally learned behavior that contain shared values believe, norms, customs and rituals of particular region. These shared values and beliefs have great impact on consumer behavior while making a purchase a certain product. Society has also great influencer on purchasing decision of consumers in different situations. Different forces that combined together create society are references groups, family groups and opinion leaders. Family also have great influence on buying behavior (Perreau, 2013). Positioning Strategy Emirates Airline Factors/ attributes on which airline positioned their brands Rating Quality 10 Price 8 Availability 10 Good Will 9 Promotional Activities 10 Diversification 10 Market segmentation research is an understanding of the market’s product needs and wants. It is the process of dividing potentialmarketsor consumers into specific groups and offering product according to their needs. Positioning is referred as creating the image of your product in the mind of that divided potential market. Moreover, positioning referred as factors on which companies differentiate their brand from their competitors. In analyzing product positioning, needs and wants are commonly referred to as product attributes. Some of the bases on which Emirates Airlines position their products are price, quality, demographic, by providing diversified products and many other basis. The Emirates Airline also position their products on following above mention factors in mind of their divided potential market. Additionally, the airline has become number choice of the families around the world. Moreover, the airline is economically strong and it will never turn down. Three type o f passengers toward whom they tailored their marketing and positioning strategy are business people, families, and transit passengers. Diversification is referred as offering new services to new market. The Emirate Airline also adopt that strategy. And toady Emirates Airline also known as low cost carrier (rodrigo, 2012). product strategy Being a service provider the major aim of the airline is to provide comfortable journey to its customers. And, as they also cargo carrier then their major aim is also provide on time delivery to its customers. Therefore, ensuring the quality services is the foremost strategy of the airline. Moreover, the airline always try to remain first in adopting new technologies and providing unique services. pricing strategy Emirate Airline is positioning their product on the basis of price. For example Emirate Airline has succeed to avoid its prices matching with what other airlines are offering product to customers at lower price. They have competitive pricing strategy. Moreover, another pricing strategy that Emirate airline is following is the premium pricing strategy (Emirates flight pricing sales strategy, 2014). The prices are not fixed they are flexible and it’s due to economic condition around the world. distribution CHANNELs The wholesaler and retailer through the use of their cargo services send their products to end customer. Therefore the no of channel between end customers are three. advertising strategy For Promotion of their brands Emirate Airline uses of traditional marketing techniques like: Word of mouth Web site promotional campaigns Social Networking TV and Print media Ads They allocate a handsome amount for their advertising budget. They also follow Informative Advertising: where they try to create brand awareness and knowledge of new products or new features of existing products. customer services and relationship activities Their cargo service provide on time delivery to its customers. Moreover, their major aim is provide the quality services for that they have dedicated team that work day and night for ensuring the quality (Special Needs | Essential Information | Emirates Online Booking and Planning | Emirates, 2014). For them their main aim is that they provide such services that their customers get full satisfaction. Over the time they have built strong relationship with their customers. Therefore, the airline is first choice of customer around the country and around the world. CONCLUSION Dubai based airline company is the subsidiary of Emirates Groups. The airline is the leading as well as the largest airline of not only UAE but also of Middle East. The airline operates more than 3400 flights per week. These flights take off from its hub at UAE to more than 133 cities in 73 countries around the world. The Emirates Groups service Emirates Sky Cargo undertake the cargo activities of this airline. With the only aim of providing the quality services as well as the comfortable journey to its travelers the airline is the leading airline of Middle East region. From long ago the airline is applying full fledge marketing strategies to ensure the quality services they are providing to their clients. They are following the best promotional strategies, pricing strategies, advertising strategies, and distribution strategies. Their position in the market is better than its competitors. Recommendation The only recommendation is that, they have to position their marketing activities while considering all their competitors. As, Etihad Airline is also doing well and providing tough time to its competitors. According to an article it is clearly mention that Etihad along with Emirate Airline are providing tough time to its competitors. Moreover, Etihad Airways is also providing best services and providing full customer satisfaction. Therefore, Emirate Airline has considered that also as Etihad may become threat for the Emirate Airline in future.

Sioux Indians Essay -- American History

Sioux Indians We're going to tell you about a tribe of Indians known as the Sioux Indians. The Sioux Indians lived on the great plains. The Sioux's tribe is partially and fully located in 7 states. The states are known as Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Their natural resources include deer, beans, wild rice, and buffalo. The Sioux nation was divided into 7 groups. They were known as the 7 council fires. Each council fire had its own leaders and own group of families that always camped together. The largest Council Fire lived on the western plains. It was so big it was divided into 7 groups. It was called the Teton Sioux. They spoke the Lakota dialect of the Sioux language. Two councils lived on the middle plains, they were called Yankton Sioux. The language they spoke was the Nakota dialect of the Sioux language. The other Council Fires lived on the plains in the east. The name that they called themselves was Santee Sioux. The dialect that they spoke was the Dakota dialect of the Sioux language. The councils lived far away from each other, but they could understand each other's dialect. The families in each council fire met once a year , during the summer. When they met they shared news and traded things they had gotten from other tribes. They gave gifts away at special feats that were c alled giveaways. They also played ball games and raced horses. It was time to give thanks for the past year , and ask for help in the new year. They did this by taking part in a Sun Dance. The Sioux never camped in one place for very long. They were nomads and moved their camps to follow the buffalo and to find fresh grass for their ponies. Because of this they lived i... ... The plate was sometimes made out of buffalo horn hair pipes. The Sioux were also excellent riders. They trained their horses well and fast. The horses allowed the men to move quickly in battle and out of danger. As time passed, the Sioux traded with Europeans for guns. They became excellent marksmen. Sitting Bull was a well respected medicine man, and later became a chief. He led the Sioux through many battles. One of the most famous was called the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Sitting Bull believed the Ghost Dance would unite the Sioux. He encouraged his people to perform the dance. The U.S. government banned the dance and Sitting Bull was arrested and then killed. The Sioux Indians had very interesting traits and still live on reservations in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Minnesota. The reservations have about 106,500 members.

The Role and Proceedings in a magistrate’s court

The court system in the United Kingdom has continuously been changing over the year’s. In the recent past; the pace of change in court reforms has been fast, this has in turn led to some important changes within the English court system. For example, before the year 1979, the Lord Chancellors department (LCD) was responsible for running all the courts except the magistrate’s courts.It is during this year(1979) when the administration of magistrate courts was transferred to a state agency referred to as the court service which was earlier responsible for administering the functions of the supreme court of England and Wales, this also consisted of the court of appeal, the high court ,the crown court, county courts and several tribunals. Magistrates Courts were under the jurisdiction of local committees that were constituted under the authority of the home office until the beginning of the year 1991. Since this year, the Lord Chancellors Department took over the running of magistrates courts.The enactment of the courts act of 2003 led to the creation of her majesty’s courts service (HMCS) as the executive agency responsible for administering the English court system. The crown court on the other part is one of the courts that constitute the senior courts of Wales and England. The administration of the crown court is overseen by the HMCS and the court mainly handles appeals for decisions referred from the magistrate courts, convicting persons who have sentenced in the Crown courts, carrying out jury trials and finally, sentencing those who have been convicted in magistrate courts (Gray, 2004, p.16). This paper explores what happens in magistrate and crown courts and offers a comparative analysis of the two courts and seeks to create understanding of the role played by them in the administration of justice. The Role and Proceedings in a magistrate’s court The first visit by any one into a magistrate’s court will be characterized by so many questions. As Gibson and Watkins, 2009, p. 10, note, a first visitor will want to know why things are done in the manner they are done. Many of the criminal proceedings begin in the magistrates courts.These proceedings range from offences relating to parking, sexual offenses, crimes committed by youthful people or juveniles and cut across to cases involving murder. Besides these hearings, Welsh, Greenwood and Banks, 2007, p. 97, add that magistrate courts also carry put proceedings relating to family issues like neglect of young children and disputes between the husband and the wife. Most of the cases that are brought in a magistrates court are concluded through acquittals, conviction and sentencing by the magistrates.Magistrates do not work for a regular pay but in the course of their duties, they are given reasonable allowances to meet their travel, subsistence and loss of earning. According to Hunter and Roberts, 1997, p. 35, any one aged above eighteen years and has bee n charged with committing an offence is required to attend a hearing in the court. As mentioned earlier, a large percentage of the criminal cases in England and Wales are handled by the magistrate courts.The cases heard in a magistrate’s court are divided into summary offences (lesser offences), Either-way offences (cases that can also be heard in a crown court before a judge) and Indictable-only offences (serious offences such as murder, manslaughter, and rape). The hearing for the case takes place in the court, members of the public have a gallery from which they sit and follow the proceedings. In cases where the accused persons are young offenders or juveniles, special arrangements are made before the trial begins (Gibson, & Watkins, 2009, p.83). During my visit to the magistrates’ court, I noted that the nature of offences that were being heard were common offences which included affray (in which the defendant was a young man), a case involving assault occasioning actual bodily harm (ABH), this case involved two young college mates of which the defendant was a female student. The last case involved theft, a young man was accused of having shop lifted a pair of sports boots from a shopping mall.The offences are defined in the following provisions; section 47, of the offences against the person act of 1861, Section 1 of the theft Act 1968, and Section 3 of public order act 1986. (Adopted from, Criminal Litigation & Procedure by Tyrer& Lawton, 2000, p. 119). Of the three cases, none of the defendants had a defense lawyer. In the case involving assault, the defendant appeared composed and decently dressed. When the charge was read, the defendant showed that she clearly understood the accusation against her.The defendant pleaded guilty to the charge explaining to the magistrate that the assault was due to excess drinking that made her to be easily provoked by the plaintiff. In delivering the sentence, the magistrate read out the charges clearly to the defendant and quoted extensively on the provision section 47, of the offences against the person act of 1861. the magistrate concluded his sentencing by requiring that the she pays a fine of three thousand pounds and also ordered that the defendant restrains from excessive indulgence in alcohol consumption.The defendant in the second case was young man and the witness was a shop attendant who worked in the shopping mall from where the defendant was accused of having committed the crime. The stolen shoes and tapes recordings from a closed circuit television (CCTV) camera inside the shop were produced and used as exhibits in the case. The prosecutor was able to prove that the defendant had committed the offence because of his alibi. Similarly, the defendant pleaded guilty and asked for forgiveness vowing never to commit the offence again.In settling this matter, the magistrate cited the nature of the offence and considering that the young man was a first offender, the magistrate ruled that the young man be freed upon paying reparations equivalent to the price of the stolen boots. The case involving affray involved a young man who was accused of threatening a neighbor with violence in a dispute arising from a bet that was not honored relating to the outcomes of a premier league encounter between two teams playing in the champions’ league.In delivering the sentence, the magistrate ordered that the young man be remanded and the case be heard on a later date since the defendant was not apologetic to the plaintiff and was openly violent even at the hearing of the case. I was particularly impressed with the way the prosecution was able to proof that the young man had stolen the boots from the shopping mall and in the case involving affray. My surprise comes from the conduct of the first two defendants who pleaded guilty to the charges, consequently, leaving the prosecution with no task to proof that the defendants had actually committed the offences.The Ro le and Proceedings in a crown court. The national audit office, 2007, p. 4 reports that crown courts handle the most serious cases for example murder and rape. The administration of these courts is a responsibility of the HM court services and the courts often handle appeal proceedings that are brought against convictions or sentences that were initially dealt with at the magistrate’s court. When a case is heard in the crown court, the judge has the authority alter or even reverse earlier decisions made regarding the case.During the trial, the judge and a jury that consists of around twelve people hear the case. Members of the jury who hear the case are required to come up with their own verdict regarding the matter in the proceedings. The defendant will be present together with defense and prosecution lawyers, together with members of the public who follow the court proceedings from the public gallery. At times, members of the press may be present in the court to follow on t he proceedings.The length of time a case may last in the crown will mostly depend on the nature of the case and the complexity involved in the gathering and presenting the evidences. So, the trials could last t for a day or proceeds for several weeks and even months. Cownie, Bradney and Burton, p. 317, explain that cases in a crown court are heard before a judge and jury; they however note that a small number of all the cases that appear in crown are acquitted or convicted through jury trials. An observation by Cownie, Bradney and Burton (p.317) is that most of the defendants in the crown court end up pleading guilty and the judge plays a critical role in the acquittal of those defendants who enter a not guilty plea. According to Gray, 2004, p. 16, offenses tried in a crown court can be categorized into four classes namely, Class 1(murder, treason and other related crimes ), class 2(Manslaughter and murder, rape cases), class 3(indictable and various either-way offenses) and finally class 4(robbery, assault and offenses causing serious bodily harm).During my visit to the crown court, I heard a case that involved a middle aged man, thirty five years of age who was charged with an indictable-only offense. The man was charged with grievous bodily harm which is contradiction to the provisions of section 18, Offence Against the person act 1861. Alonsdide this, the man was also facing an acquisition of affray which is a contradiction to section 3 public order act of 1986. These two incidents were tied to a fight that took place in the city centre between supporters of opposing teams.The defendant was represented by a lawyer and this is one of the cases in which the prosecution was put to task to proof that the defendant had committed the offence. The case also involved the jury which ruled that owing to the extensive damages to property and the disruptions of activities at the city centre occasioned by the brawl, the defendant had a case to answer despite not pleadi ng guilty. This case had received great coverage from the press and public interest in the case was also high.The case was not concluded as I had anticipated and the case was deferred to later date owing to the need for the prosecution to finalize investigations on other co-defendants who were still in police custody. Comparative analysis Looking at proceedings that are handled in the two courts, both courts carry out trials that fall in either one of the following offenses; summary offenses which are often petty offenses mainly tried in the magistrates courts. In the magistrates’ court, an important distinguishing note between the magistrates’ court and the Crown is that the proceedings do not involve a judge or a jury (Cullingworth, 2001 .p. 205). The magistrates, unlike the judge who sits in the Crown court, the maximum sentence that the magistrate can give to a defendant who is proven as guilty is six months, this is different from the sentences in the Crown court where the judge together with the jury can give a sentence that is more than six months. On the same note, the maximum amount of money that can be paid as fines in a magistrate courts differs from that which the judge can quote at the conclusion of a proceeding in a Crown court.This maximum amount is three thousand pounds. In regard to the second category of offenses, which are triable either-way offenses, proceedings can be held in any of the two courts. Most often, a case is referred to the Crown court by the magistrates court if the defendant has been charged with the same offence more than twice or when there are multiple charges in which the magistrate feels there is need to refer the case to the crown court (Hannibal & Mountford, 2007, p. 39).Such cases include serious offenses like assault and rape. Pertaining to the last category of offenses, which are indictable offenses, proceedings can only be conducted in the crown court. The nature of offenses is regarded as serious and the trials may take considerable time because the cases involved are complex. Such complex cases include trials for armed robbery, major fraud cases, rape, and grievous bodily harm . These offenses have harsh sentences that may include the defendant being sentenced to life in prison.Both courts have a shared responsibility of administering justice, though this is done at different administrative levels with majority of the criminal cases being tired in the magistrates’ court with some being referred to the crown court for further consideration. Conclusion The magistrate and crown courts were created to serve the need of administering justice as part of the English court systems. Many of the criminal cases are heard in magistrates’ courts which do not have a judge or jury during the proceedings.The nature of sentences that a magistrate can order are generally not severe because the maximums sentence period is six months and the fine is set at a maximum of three thousan d pounds. On the other hand the proceedings in Crown court often involve a jury, a judge, defense lawyers and the director of prosecution. Since the Crown court handles cases that are complex in nature, the English court system has made the process of justice administration easier as magistrates’ courts can be effectively used to divert sizeable number of cases that could end up being pushed in Crown courts.Keeping in mind the crucial role played other courts like the county and youth courts and the presence of a state agency solely responsible for administration of the courts, which is her majesty’s courts service, (HMCS), the English justice administration systems are quite efficient. Reference list Cownie, F, Bradney, A & Burton, M, 2007, English legal system in context, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Cullingworth, N, 2001, Edexcel BTEC first public services textbook, Nelson Thornes,Cheltenham. Gibson, B &Watkins, M, 2009, The Magistrates ‘Court: an Introduc tion, 5th Ed, Waterside Press, Sherfield.Gray, D, 2004, BTEC National in Public Services, Heinemann. Hannibal,M& Mountford,L,2007,LPC Handbook on Criminal Litigation 2007-2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford Hunter, J& Roberts, C. A, 1997, Studies in crime: an introduction to forensic archaeology, Routledge, London. National Audit Office, 2009, Administration of the Crown Court, The Stationery Office, London. Tyrer, J& Lawton, D, 2000, Criminal Litigation & Procedure, Routledge, London Welsh, T, Greenwood, W& Banks, D, 2007, McNae's essential law for journalists, Ed19, Oxford University Press, Oxford. .

History of Indian Constitution Essay

THE CABINET MISSION PLAN In 1946, at the initiative of British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, a cabinet mission to India was formulated to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership and providing India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations. The Mission discussed the framework of the constitution and laid down in some detail the procedure to be followed by the constitution drafting body. Elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. With the independence of India on August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly became a fully sovereign body and began work on 9 December 1947. THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected members of the provincial assemblies. Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee were some important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi and R. K. Sidhwa. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng represented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, B. R. Ambedkar, Benegal Narasingh Rao and K. M. Munshi Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur were important women members. The first president of the Constituent Assembly was Sachidanand Sinha later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly. The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time in the year 1946 on December 9. DRAFTING In the August 14, 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented. Such committees include Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution  Committee. On August 29, 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members. A Draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on November 4, 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on the January 24, 1950. Two days later, the Constitution of India became the law of all the Indian lands. STRUCTURE OF THE UNION GOVERNMENT The basic form of the Union Government envisaged in the Constitution was introduced by Dr. Ambedkar as follows, â€Å"A democractic executive must satisfy two conditions: 1. It must be a stable executive, and 2. It must be a responsible executive. Unfortunately, it has not been possible so far to devise a system which can ensure both conditions in equal degree. †¦.. The daily assessment of responsibility, which is not available in the American system is, it is felt, far more effective than the periodic assessment and far more necessary in a country like India. The Draft Constitution in recommending the parliamentary system of Executive has preferred more responsibility to stability.† India, thus adopted a Parliamentary form of government, with the President as the nominal head of the Executive and the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers wielding actual power.

The eNotes Blog Nora Ephron, PioneerWoman

Nora Ephron, PioneerWoman Above all, be the heroine of your life, not the victim. Nora Ephron, one of Americas most beloved humorists, died today at the age of 71. Unconfined to the mere role of writer, Ephron transcended all genres. Journalist, screenwriter, novelist, playwright, essayist, blogger, she wore many hats, progressing from a young satirist in 1960s New York to one of the most powerful people in Hollywood. Many will remember her for the romantic comedies that warmed our hearts (Sleepless in Seattle, When Harry Met Sally, Youve Got Mail) but in her passing fellow female journalists remind us of the contributions Ephron made to the advancement of women. In a moving tribute to the writer in The Huffington Post, Lisa Belkin writes, Most of all, she opened doors. By putting the female experience on the screen and on the page, she made it visible, and worthy, and she elevated it to the level of art. She took womens topics romance, relationships, food, motherhood, clothes, hair, friendship, aging, looking young and declared that they were not only worthy of conversation, but they could draw at the box office, which is the only language Hollywood understands. Its hard to imagine where the funny women of the page and screen would be today without Nora Ephron to pave their way. Could Lena Dunham or Tina Fey be so side-splittingly hilarious without Ephron as a predecessor? She wrote unabashedly about the womens realm, reveling in the womans view of sex and romance, allowing all of us to be not only funny, but honest and genuine too. She gave women a voice, and a witty one at that. Ephrons last two collections of essays, 2006s I Feel Bad About My Neck and 2010s I Remember Nothing, continued on in the same candid style as her earlier works, leaving nothing about her musings on aging to the imagination:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Today there are parts of Manhattan and Los Angeles where there are no gray-haired women at all†¦ The amount of maintenance involving hair is genuinely overwhelming. Sometimes I think that not having to worry about your hair anymore is the secret upside of death.† Clues like this insinuated the end might be near, but for the rest of us it still came far too soon. Ephron once wrote, I always read the last page of a book first so that if I die before I finish Ill know how it turned out. We may have reached Noras last page, but I suspect and hope that young women everywhere will read her story for years to come.

An analysis and comparison of James Bond Film Essay Example

An analysis and comparison of James Bond Film Essay Example An analysis and comparison of James Bond Film Paper An analysis and comparison of James Bond Film Paper The names Bond James Bond In 1952 writer Ian Fleming created one of the best fictional heroes of all time, James bond. James bond films have become a major hit throughout the years. The first James bond Movie was made in 1962. Since then over 21 James bond films have been made. There has been 6 actors, all were successful in playing the James bond roll; Sean cannery, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig (current James bond).There are many different reasons why the audience go for James bond films. It is appealing to women because of the good-looking, sophisticated and intelligent men. They are mainly drawn to James bond as he has all of these features and he is British. Women might also want to watch the films to keep a look out for fashionable clothes which are represented in the female actors. Males on the other hand are attracted by many more ideas. The films are constantly full of high energy and excitement which the props help to build up such as the unusual gadgets, guns, explosions and extreme stunts. Some men might watch James Bond films because of envy built by the main character Bond himself. The fact that he owns flashy cars such as the Aston Martin and other exhilarating vehicles could cause some male or even female audiences become quite jealous in addition James bond seems to always be surrounded by beautiful women. James bond films have gorgeous women, most in which are presented either half naked or through their sexual actions which is another reason why men are enticed to Bond films. It seems that every James bond film follows the same formula. The typical James Bond storyline would be when a problem occurs, bond is usually ordered to solve it. Bond hunts down the villain, on the way of his mission he either bumps into beautiful women or women that are related to the problem. He gets involved with the women sexually, sometimes in order get information from them. Some of the ladies end up dead and luckily for one, bond falls in love with them and so she lives. In the end James bond finds out the villains evil intensions and discovers a way to halt his/her tactics. The villain dies; Bond once again saves the world from destruction. There are many different settings for James bond movies. Some of the typical settings would be usually placed in exotic fancy locations such as the Bahamas or Spain, this is normally where he chases the villains and ladies. The conventional characters that are used in James bond films are usually very attractive and influential to the audience. There is always a classically stereotypical female villain who thinks she can seduce James Bond, she is the very sexually promiscuous woman in which bond can easily get information from by using sexual advances. Sometimes they are influenced by James bond to turn from bad to good but they end up dead either way. However the good girls are the ones that Bond truly falls in love with, she is not as sexual as the female villains but is a very beautiful lady and Bond protects her till the very end. The villains are usually the ones that want to take over the world or blown up a city/place. James Bond is a stereotypical heroic character. He is a ladies man/a man on a mission. Bond completes his given task and later praised by bonds high class boss. There is a regular theme tune that is often played when James Bond makes his entrance in different places or when he is ready for action.  James bond posters help the audience to uncover the possible story before watching the film. This essay will be closely analysing, comparing and contrasting two well known James bond posters. Firstly I will be analysing the James bond Thunderball poster. The mis-en-scene of this poster is initially the images of James bond. We can see James Bond in a variety of different activities which connotes the film is full of action furthermore gives us the impression James bond is a strong, fit and healthy man. James bond is shown in a significant way to suggest he is the main character. In the first shot he is wearing a black suit which shows he could be high class. Bond is holding a gun and carrying a jetpack suggesting that the film will be violent. His face expression seems to looking in another direction in a quite serious look. This implies he is suspicious or ready for action. The fire also suggests a bit of violence. The brown background is quite dull however is an effective way to make James bond appear more conspicuous hence capture the audiences attention. The guns, jet suits and fire are appealing to a male audience. In the next shot we see the same man in the first shot; he is wearing a orange swim suit. This connotes he is a very sporty masculine man. Bond seems to be holding back another diver out of the way, we cannot see the divers face, but we can see him possibly aiming to get the metal object off Bonds hand, maybe this object is the key device that will blow up the world thus he could be the villain. Perhaps Bond is trying to get the device away from the villain giving the audience the impression he is the heroic character. We see a different background as opposed to the first shot. It is shot in a different place which implies the film will also be set in many countries/places. We can see water and speedboats in addition other drivers seem to be falling into the water, this whole background scene connote that it is an action packed film.